Transcription and translation notes pdf free download. Translation = the process of making polypeptides.

Transcription and translation notes pdf free download. Exception: transcribe lyrics like a poem.

Transcription and translation notes pdf free download. For translation to begin, tRNA binds to a start codon and signals the ribosome to assemble. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes an mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. Transcribe audio and translate videos. Transcription and Translation. Download full-text PDF Download citation. B/W PDF download. At theend, they learn which of 5 actual proteins they’ve built. Mar 13, 2024 · The A site is the acceptor site for an aminoacyl tRNA 2. Termination phase: the RNA-polymerase stops synthesis and the nascent RNA is separated from the DNA template. Export accurate text and subtitles. Transcription in eukaryotes by RNA polymerase I, II, III and its processing. Health & Medicine. Dec 5, 2015 · Transcription and translation lecture notes. "; or are bracketed as [Translator's note:] or signed thus: [--Trans. Download Free PDF. Ribosomal Sites for Protein Synthesis. Sep 25, 2016 · 73 likes • 41,555 views. This tight coupling is not possible in eukaryotes because transcription and translation are carried out in separate compartments of the cell (the nucleus and cytoplasm). Finally, click export to download the 6. An anticodon is carried by a tRNA. RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides complimentary to the DNA strand. Transcript. Give your business the power of PDF productivity. The steps of transcription. menu. 98+ languages. Elongation phase: the RNA strand is continuously growing. Feb 28, 2021 · As these examples show, transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. The first stage of translation is the binding of messenger RNA to the Start Transcribing for Free — Convert unlimited audio and video files to accurate text. May 5, 2010 · Download now. Translation is the process through which proteins are synthesized. 1 of 72. In addition, it also serves as instruction on how students tackle the concepts of doing transcription and translation. 1: Transcription and translation (Protein synthesis) in a cell. 32. The steps of transcription transcription is an enzymatic process. Therefore, the significance of transcription is Aug 24, 1998 · Transcription and Translation These terms describe the two steps used to transform the information carried in genes into useful products. Try now. There are no endoplasmic reticulum in the prokaryotes and ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm, whereas endoplasmic reticulum are present in eukaryotes which harbors ribosomes –translation takes place on rough Sep 24, 2018 · This biology video tutorial provides a basic introduction into transcription and translation which explains protein synthesis starting from DNA. Label the box with the x in it near the nucleus with the word TRANSCRIPTION and proceed to color the bases Neither is DNA polymerase. html), Markdown (. Transcription: On the worksheet, make the DNA strand into mRNA codons (review Transcription to Protein Synthesis sheet). coli TATA box, but it conserves the A–T rich element. 3. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. 1: A generalized promoter of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is shown. The thermostability of A–T bonds is low and this helps the DNA template to locally unwind in preparation for transcription. trschools. Bacterial transcription occurs in the cytoplasm alongside translation. A web-based English translation for a much broader 21st-century audience requires some explanation. RNA single strand. 8% accuracy. Large genome means after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA. 1. Binds codon on one side and aa on other. Terminator region of the transcription unit has either palindromic sequences or poly A sequences. The initiation of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase is directed by the presence of a promoter site on the 5’ side of the transcriptional start site. Search the transcript for specific words or phrases. Apr 28, 2020 · Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Involves the interaction of RNAP with DNA at In bacteria, translation initiation occurs as soon as the 5′ end of an mRNA is synthesized, and translation and transcription are coupled. Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture Notes 17 When you’re happy with your transcript, export it by going to Publish > Export > Transcript. Prince Avi. Copy link Link copied. Francis Crick dubbed this concept the central dogma in 1956. During this process, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into RNA. Mar 1, 2022 · The process of transcription occurs in the following steps: 1. 1. Such notes attempt to explain metaphors or transcription, but which is not itself the part of RNA polymerase is defined as transcription factor. 6. Nov 25, 2023 · Transcription and Translation Exercise Help Sheet Learning Objectives: Understand the flow of information from DNA to protein Explain the process of transcription Explain process of translation Review the introductory materials prior to starting the lab Lab Exercise: Transcription and Translation Access the virtual lab: Transcription and Translation virtual lab-hyperlink Select Start The first Notes for Workshop #1: DNA Structure, Transcription, & Translation DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Structure: Structure determined by Watson and Crick in 1957- sugar and phosphate backbone with specific nitrogenous base pairing Composed of nucleotides, which each consist of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base In eukaryotes separate protein factors take part in recognition and initiation. Dec 4, 2015 • Download as PPT, PDF •. Translator’s notes. Let all your employees view, sign, comment on, and share PDFs for free. Choose your preferred format: Microsoft Word (. Mar 16, 2022 · Abstract. Figure 6. Download File. First the DNA gene is transcribed into a mRNA molecule and then the mRNA is May 5, 2021 · Two conserved processes express the genetic information of all organisms. The P site is the peptidyl site where a peptide bond will form 3. , TFII, TFIII. Transcription, Genetic Code & Translation Free PDF Download The Transcription, Genetic Code & Translation is an invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of the NEET exam. Write down the mRNA codon sequence that reads from left to right from the DNA sequence above. fl. The Ribosomes. ) The process of protein synthesis is called translation because the “language” of the Feb 10, 2017 · Feb 10, 2017 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. 5. Diehl delivers proven, practical training in the skills and technology Apr 9, 2012 · The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in three main steps: transcription, translation, and termination. Marudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Download free Adobe Acrobat Reader software for your Windows, Mac OS and Android devices to view, print, and comment on PDF documents. Jan 12, 2022 · Streptomycin: It blocks protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit and causes misreading of m-RNA which affects the initiation and leads to bacterial cell death. www. Molecular Biology Quiz Questions and Answers PDF Download, free eBook’s sample covers beginner's solved questions, textbook's study notes to practice online tests. Todd Burger. See Pricing. Customize the download to add or remove timestamps. DNA was in the nucleus but proteins were made in the cytoplasm 2. B. Significant differences between replication and transcription: In replication the entire genetic code is copied. In transcription only a short segment (a gene) is copied. Four of these, designated as α, α, β and β' bind together to form a unit called the core enzyme. The PDF file has a bookmark side-panel to easily access the different sections. Notta automatically converts meetings, interviews, and other conversations into searchable text. Describe the flow of information through cells (“the central dogma”) and the cell components that participate. Stop codons = stop translation. Eukaryotic transcription - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Feb 28, 2021 · 10. Amino-acyl tRNA synthetases: One synthetase for each amino acid a single synthetase may recognize multiple tRNAs or the same amino acid Two classes of synthetases Class I - monomeric, acylates the 2´-OH on the terminal ribose Arg, Cys , Gln, Glu, Ile, Leu, Met, Trp Tyr, Val Class II - dimeric, acylates the 3´-OH on the terminal 3. -35 Sequence • A second consensus nucleotide sequence ( 5'- TTGACA-3'), is centered about 35 bases to the left of the transcription start site. In replication two new DNA double helices form for two new daughter cells. ) RNA – Polymerase attaches to the promoter. Boxer Codex: A Modern Spanish Transcription and English Translation of 16th-Century Exploration Accounts of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific, transcription and edition by Isaac Donoso, translation and annotations by María Luisa García, Carlos Quirino and Mauro García, Quezon City, Vibal Foundation, 2016. ) Transcription is initiated. Amino Acid Chains: Using the Genetic Code chart, fill in the amino acids for each DNA strand. Translation then uses the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain via tRNAs and ribosomes. Ribosomes have two subunits: The large and small subunits. Arrow a (DNA to DNA) is DNA replication, while arrow b (RNA to RNA) is RNA replication specic to viruses. Featured. 11 likes • 3,993 views. A factor may recognize another factor or may recognize RNA polymerase or possibly may be incorporated into an transcription start site. 13: Major Types of Mutations. Promoters and Initiation. View example of how information is Click the 'Upload audio' button and select an audio file from your computer. All primary transcript. ) The RNA-Polymerase is starting to synthesize the Pre-mRNA from the 5’ to the 3’ direction. Transcription is the process where the genetic information on a DNA strand is transferred into an RNA strand by a series of polymerization reactions catalyzed by enzymes called DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 99. The promoter is a region on the DNA, which is located upstream, near the transcription start side. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase is the enzyme involved in transcription, though it is usually referred to simply as RNA polymerase. 15: Assignment- Which Has More DNA? – Synthesized from DNA during transcription – Move information contained in DNA to translation machinery • Transfer RNA (tRNA ) – About 50 types – Pick up amino acid & transport to ribosome during translation • Small RNA (sRNAs) – 50 - 200 nucleotides – Regulatory roles (e. In E. 10 DNA Fingerprinting In the previous chapter , you have lear nt the inheritance patterns and the genetic basis of such patterns. Transcribes in seconds. Before transcription can take place, the DNA double helix must Instructions for making proteins with the correct sequence of amino acids are encoded in DNA. PPTX. G. Transcription is the first step in gene expression and it is often subject to Feb 4, 2016 · Translation - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Pro includes 1,200 minutes per month for live transcriptions. The Meaning of Transcription. These study notes are curated by experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts, making your preparation more efficient and effective. 14: Putting It Together- DNA Transcription and Translation. md), Plain text (. Citations (3) Once the RNA has been synthesized, the DNA reforms the double helix. 99 per month or $120 per year. This sequence is not identical to the E. Enzyme (s) Involved. One key issue is transcription, or the translation of recorded speech Dec 27, 2023 · If you like Otter and want more bandwidth, you can subscribe to a paid plan, starting at $16. The translation is the process of protein synthesis where the information on RNA is expressed in the form of polypeptide chains. Powered by AI. First, DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) by the multisubunit enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP). 1 of 40. Download now. Jan 1, 1999 · Interpreting and translation coursebook. Sep 10, 2013 · 3. ¥ The ribosome moves along the mRNA in a 5Õ to 3Õ direction, in a step-wise process, recognizing each subsequent codon. These subunits assemble every time a gene is transcribed Elsevier Health Sciences, Jun 13, 2016 - Medical - 560 pages. These two processes are essential for life. RNA polymerase unwinds and separates the DNA by creating a structure known as the transcription bubble. Start for Free. (3) Jun 1, 2009 · Download full-text PDF Download full-text PDF (2004). Jul 4, 2011 · An anticodon is a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon. Transcription &translation - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template. Publisher: Education Publishing House. Describe the structure and potential products of a gene (polypeptide, rRNA, tRNA, mRNA) and the types of proteins required for transcription (RNA polymerases, transcription factors, etc. Abstract. notes Lecture Notes. Eukaryotes on the contrary have three different RNA polymerases specialized for transcription of different types of RNA molecules. Prokaryotes use the same RNA polymerase to transcribe all of their genes. mRNA building is complete when the RNA polymerase reaches a Termination (stop) site on the DNA. Master the fundamentals of medical transcription and meet the challenges of the evolving medical transcription field with Medical Transcription: Techniques and Procedures, 7th Edition. Search any YouTube transcript. RNA nucleotide DNA. Then customize the settings for speaker labels, timecodes, and chapter markers. Longer speeches should be separated into smaller paragraphs. To summarize: Genes program protein synthesis via genetic messages in the form of messenger RNA. The molecular chain of command in a cell has a directional flow of genetic information: DNA RNA protein. 11. • The DNA template strand is Jan 11, 2022 · Definition. us Molecular Biology MCQ PDF Book (Biology eBook Download) Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice Pious Practice and Secular Constraints Translation Education A Transcription and Translation Into English of D. These resources target college, high school, and middle school. Türk's "Twelve Practice Pieces" The Practice of Court Interpreting The Routledge Handbook of Translation History Principles of Transcription is the first step in gene expression. Created by Sal Khan. 1 of 34. DNA is found in chromosomes. All Audio; with an English translation, explanatory notes and an examination of its doctrines. Ð and the A site free for binding to the next tRNA . ¥ The peptidyl transferase enzyme then catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between Ð the free N terminal of the amino acid at the A site, Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase. 163 likes • 87,380 views. Aug 31, 2022 · Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). (a) Transcription (2) (b) Translation (2) 1. ) Copy the transcription to your doc as plain text. TurboScribe is fastest, most accurate AI transcriber on Earth. Regulation of Gene Expression. Initiation: This hands-on activity reinforces the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic genomes are larger in the range of approximately 109 base pairs. Replication creates identical DNA strands, while transcription converts DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). Paragraphs shouldn't be longer than 500 symbols (about 100 words or 3-4 lines in the transcription tool). M. This DNA is a sequence that signals the start of genetic information for a particular gene. Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template). wi. Initiation Phase. It uses ribosomes, messenger RNA which is composed of codons and transfer RNA which has a triplet of bases called the anticodon. fi. The final product of some genes are RNA molecules. In prokaryotic cells, this is a complex composed of five subunits. In prokaryotic organisms transcription occurs in three phases known as initiation, elongation and termination. Translation = the process of making polypeptides. Since de Clercq rarely uses the asterisk (*), translator's footnotes are asterisked and signed "--Trans. can be quickly deployed in your organization with a volume license. • Thus transaction is the first step in the process of gene regulation or protein synthesis. (Note: The proteome is the complete set of proteins expressed in a cell . You can also drag and drop a file inside the editor. Ribosomal structure Large. Transcription has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Topics include DNA and RNA, transcription and translation, Mendelian genetics, Punnett squares, incomplete dominance, and evolution. “ ”. $1. carry out the 4 steps of prokaryotic transcription process -template binding, initiation, elongation and termination. Initiator tRNA = aa Met; begins translation. Where the a. P. 8 Regulation of Gene Expression 6. Figure 17. Unlike DNA polymerase it can initiate transcription by itself, it does not require primase. Crying: Notes on description, transcription, and interaction. Tien Bao Bui. DNA and RNA are both Nov 13, 2018 · 5. The information flow from DNA, RNA, and protein (arrows c and e) is often called “central dogma” of molecular biology. the mechanism of transcription completes in three major steps 1. DNA, RNA, and protein (arrows c and e) is often called central dogma of. The information ow from. bruce_harris_after_youve_gone_solo_transcription. January 1999. The "central dogma" of molecular biology: information flows from nucleic acids to proteins, not the reverse: DNA ----> RNA ----> polypeptides (proteins) View graphic summary of information flow. This is an 18 slide PowerPoint presentation that walks students through the similarities and differences of DNA and RNA, Transcription and Translation. Download as a PDF or view online for free. Direction of synthesis :- • As in DNA replication , RNA is synthesized in the 5' –3' direction. Oct 26, 2018 · Arrow c (DNA to RNA) and arrow e (RNA to protein) are transcription and translation, respectively. Convert audio to text. Aug 31, 2020 · Proteins are made from a sequence of amino acids rather than nucleotides. I. transcription and translation tests for college and university revision guide. The control of which genes are expressed dictates whether a cell is (a) an eye cell or (b) a liver cell. Transcription and Translation - Download as a PDF or view online for free. It takes place in the cytoplasm by specialized organelle known as ribosomes. Join for free. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes always remain in the nucleus, but proteins are made at ribosomes in the cytoplasm or on the rough In the transcription stage of protein synthesis, free RNA nucleotides pair up with the exposed bases on the DNA molecule RNA nucleotides only pair with the bases on one strand of the DNA molecule This strand of the DNA molecule is known as the antisense or template strand (or the transcribed strand ) and it is used to produce the mRNA molecule Jul 28, 2021 · Transcription, alternative splicing and translation. It is the differential gene expression patterns that arise in Jan 25, 2012 · Transcription and Translation - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Apr 11, 2022 · Get free genetics worksheets, projects, quizzes, and printables. 5 transcription & translation notes - Download as a PDF or view online for free. BIo cells and molecules 1200 course notes on transcription and translation process in Eukaryotes and prokaryotic cells. L. Generate automatic subtitles and transcripts online. ). pdf. Download as docx, pdf, txt, and subtitles. docx), HTML (. rtf). Second, the mRNA directs protein synthesis, when the ribosome translates its nucleotide sequence to amino acids using the genetic code. g. Figure 15. Submit Search. It shows the typical structure of a gene in eukaryotes and reveals the relationship of the two DNA strands with the pre-mRNA sequence. Arrow c (DNA to RNA) and arrow e (RNA to. An aminoacyl tRNA enters the A site 2. protein) are transcription and translation, respectively. k12. The RNA polymerase transcribes one RNA polymerase binds to the promoter site (TATA box) (start) on the DNA. W ikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia including the functional roles of proteins and the regulatory networks governing their transcription and translation. Import audio and video files. However, there is no thymine found in RNA, instead there is a similar compound called uracil. 1 The genetic content of each somatic cell in an organism is the same, but not all genes are expressed in every cell. . 1 6. 4. Transcribe, edit, summarize, and collaborate in a single workflow to stay productive. Transcription = the process of making RNA from DNA templates. 4 Explain the process of translation, leading to polypeptide formation. Early evidence suggesting an RNA intermediate between DNA and proteins 1. The process by which RNA molecules are synthesized on a DNA template is called transcription. Translation (Initiation) Transcription and Translation PowerPoint - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Compared structures of. 9 Human Genome Pr oject 6. 10. Transcription in eukaryotes occurs within the nucleus and mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm for translation. Usingpaper cut-outs, students follow the rules of complementary base pairing to build an mRNAmolecule, then translate the mRNA codons to assemble amino acids, building a protein. Open Transcript in the left-hand toolbar and select "Trim with Transcript. You can search any YouTube transcript for free with our simple tool. DNA serves as the molecular basis of heredity through replication, expression, and translation processes. Transcripti 2 Chapter 17. " From there, select the audio file you want to transcribe and click on Generate Transcript. FREE to use. Translation: On the worksheet, make the mRNA codons into tRNA codons (review Transcription to Protein Synthesis sheet). . The enzyme involved in transcription is RNA polymerase. 3 Free Transcripts Every Day. 1 15. Jan 1, 2014 · Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Genetic code for the protein’s amino acid sequence must be read from the DNA. 4. Transcription and translation are the two processes that convert a sequence of nucleotides from DNA into a sequence of amino acids to build the desired protein. Sep 13, 2012 · Transcription in Prokaryotes Three stages Initiation phase: RNA-polymerase recognizes the promoter and starts the transcription. Individual Juz/Para files can also be downloaded here. first step :- • The expression of a gene consists of two major steps vise ; transcription and translation. Transcription is the process by which RNA is made from DNA. Mar 25, 2024 · Biology document from Arizona State University, 3 pages, 3/23/24, 10:10 PM Transcription and Translation 1: BIO 181: General Biology I (2024 Spring) Transcription and Translation 1 Due Mar 23 at 11:59pm Points 9 Questions 8 Available Mar 18 at 4:30pm - Mar 24 at 11:59pm Time Limit None Allowed Attempts 2 Attemp Audio & Video Transcription. Termination occurs when a stop codon signals the release of Jun 17, 2019 · Biochemistry -- Technique, Genetic regulation -- Technique, Genetic transcription -- Technique, Genetic translation -- Technique Publisher Oxford : IRL Press Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; trent_university; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive Language English May 7, 2021 · The Arabic text and English translation are given on a single page and the respective transliteration is shown on the following page for each Surah (Chapter). Leonardo Pinzon. Download Course. Sergei Borukhov. It should be noted that RNA may be transcribed into DNA by reverse transcription, as shown as arrow d. ]. First, RNA polymerase binds to what is known as promoter DNA. A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the exposed codon, bringing its amino May 17, 2011 · Live Music Archive Librivox Free Audio. Transcription is something we do in our everyday lives, and it’s also something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. cannonball_adderley_solo_transcription_easy_to_love. They are called transcription factors, e. 16. It contains the same bases, adenine, guanine and cytosine. 7 Translation 6. RNA is the intermediate molecule in the process of information flow between DNA and protein. Education. View PDF. Follow. Authors: Xuan Thu Dang. Upload. Torrens University Australia. 3. In biology, transcription is the process of copying out the DNA sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of RNA. , affect mRNA stability and translation) Jun 21, 2017 · The enzyme involved in transcription is RNA polymerase. It occurs in the nucleus. 6 Genetic Code 6. Aug 6, 2023 · expressed through transcription to RNA and, in the case of messenger RNA (mRNA), subsequent translation into proteins (polypeptides) as shown in Figure 32. transcription is an enzymatic process. At the time of Mendel, the nature of those ‘factors’ regulating the pattern of inheritance was not tRNA = transfer RNA. More exactly it is a DNA dependent RNA polymerase. Over 2,500 courses & materials Sep 23, 2021 · Protein Synthesis involves translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. Transcription and translation By Dr. txt), or Rich Text Format (. Chapter 13 Lecture Notes: DNA Function. Many transcription factors act by recognizing cis acting sites that are classified as comprising parts of promoters and enhancers. 2. Translation then decodes mRNA into amino acids, forming proteins essential for life functions. Exception: transcribe lyrics like a poem. This strand of mRNA is EDITED before leaving the nucleus & carrying the code into the cytoplasm. It is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA. coli, the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. It Sep 10, 2013 · Transcription and Translation - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 2 The diagram below shows the sequence of nitrogenous bases of a strand of DNA which codes for part of a protein molecule. dna. Respected authority Marcy O. Initiation: Feb 28, 2017 · Download full-text PDF ”. 00. the mechanism of transcription completes in three major steps. 5 Transcription 6. Mesut Karahan Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF LECTURE NOTES on DNA REPLICATION and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: Transcription and Translation DNA Structure DNA (or deoxyribonucleic acid), a double-helix nucleic acid, often is compared to a twisted ladder, with the rails of the ladder represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate. Export as PDF, DOCX, subtitles (SRT), TXT. 1 chemical elements & water notes. Peptide = the newly formed sequence of aa’s. Ribosome = enzyme that gathers the correct tRNA and makes the peptide bond between two amino acids. Prokaryotic Transcription Bacterial transcription or prokaryotic transcription is the process in which messenger RNA transcripts of genetic material in prokaryotes are produced, to be translated for the production of proteins. Convert your YouTube transcript to an article or blog post using AI. a. Four of these subunits, denoted α, α, β, and β', comprise the polymerase core enzyme. The worksheets are in a variety of formats, including Google Apps (slides), PDF Jun 18, 2022 · Features of Eukaryotic Transcription. Promoter region of the transcription unit has a separate recognition site and polymerase binding site. Public Full-text 1. DNA Transcription RNA The final product for other genes are protein molecules. 2. Transcription. The E site is where tRNAs without amino acids exit the ribosome What are the three steps that occur when ribosomes catalyze translation? - 1. Transcription is the first step of gene expression. Kanamycin, neomycin, gentamycin: These are antibiotics that block initiation by binding to the 30S subunit of ribosomes. Never paraphrase or reconstruct the speech in the audio you are transcribing. Transcription (General info) A. They are found in all organisms – eukaryotic and prokaryotic. ra aa qe lw ob hk uf ca cm wv